In the 19th century, Muslim countries faced European military pressures, prompting them to modernize their armies and adopt Western reforms, each playing pivotal roles in regional conflicts, with a...

During the first half of the 19th century, the newly-formed countries of South America lived in a state of great political turmoil, since they fought against each other for defining the extension of their national territories.

The Italian Risorgimento was the political process that led to the unification of the Italian peninsula into a single kingdom after three bloody wars fought between Piedmont and Austria. It lasted for more than two decades (1848-1870) and was one of the key moments in the history of Europe.